Poverty Is The Lack Of Adequate Choices Within Important...

What is poverty? In general, poverty is the lack of adequate choices within important life decisions—absence of freedom to be or to do what one wants. The inevitable result of poverty is insufficiency and deprivation of life: †¢ Unable to provide the basic necessities of life †¢ Illness and an early death †¢ Education levels that limit one’s comprehension of the world and oneself, literacy less than functioning †¢ Living conditions that decay physical and mental health †¢ Dead-end jobs and at worst dangerous †¢ Absence of dignity, a lack of respect †¢ Exclusion from the community. What reasons are there to alleviate poverty? Some people find it as personal responsibility that arises from religious or philosophical conscious. Some see poverty as the result of an injustice system that privileges some and withdraws opportunities for others—an injustice that can also escalate to social strain and violence if not addressed. Others view poverty as being denied universal rights and human responsibility that requires attention at a global level. Political leaders often sees poverty as the culprit of social security and an overall good governance. Economists focus on the disregard and inefficiency of allowing a percentage of the population to fall into poverty. Various theories of poverty categorize between individual, system, geographic, and cyclical causes. Theories that cause poverty to individual situations and decisions place personal blame on the economicallyShow MoreRelatedThe Millenium Declaration Goals 20001758 Words   |  7 PagesDeclaration Goals 2000, In which the world 189 part nations unanimously consented to help the poor nations of the world to attain a finer life before the end of year 2015. In this Millennium Declaration, It was chosen by the world pioneers to outline a system for advancement embodying eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s): 1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achievement of universal primary education 3. Promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women, 4. Reduction of childRead MorePoverty And Health : Low Income Limits Choices Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty and health: Low income limits choices to cheap and unhealthy foods Poverty tends to impact society on several different levels, whether it may be through the impact of the economy, social effects, education, health, but most importantly malnutrition; which is said to be the most common effect of poverty. Poverty affects millions of Americans by limiting their choices to cheap and unhealthy foods. It also limits the physical access to healthy food choices as it relates to diet costs and reliableRead MoreInvestigating the Role of Micro-Finance in Female Empowerment, Kawangware Division, Nairobi County1519 Words   |  7 Pages 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background information Poverty is a universal phenomenon, that is found virtually everywhere and affect a large number of people in the globe. To this effect Thirlwall (2003:87) contributing to the poverty literature, says that ‘in poverty, there is feeling of powerlessness, vulnerability and fear because the poor is not free, he is exposed to greater risks and living on the margin of subsistence.’ That is to say, the poor have little or no significant say in theRead MoreSocial, Cultural, And Economic Systems Responsible For Perpetuating Injustice1522 Words   |  7 Pagescounseling ethics. Having a limited access to adequate funding inevitably places individuals’ lives and future into an uncomfortable position where they have fewer choices and access to benefits which can allow them to become frustrated. Ethnic minorities have a higher level of poverty existing among them when compared to other ethnic counterparts. According to the 2002-2003 U.S. statistics, children and wome n are at a higher risk than men of being in poverty where women in comparison to males are atRead MoreWomen Empowerment1546 Words   |  7 Pagesseventies to development in the eighties and now to empowerment in the nineties. This process has been further accelerated with some sections of women becoming increasingly self-conscious of their discrimination in several areas of family and public life. They are also in a position to mobilize themselves on issues that can affect their overall position. |[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] | The latest news items regarding violence committed against women reveal that womens position has worsened. TulsidasRead MoreHomeless People : The Homeless1265 Words   |  6 Pagesof homeless people: Chronic, transitional and episodic homeless people. However, there are several or multiples reasons for which people become homeless. It could be due to lack of financial incentives or economic reason, immigrants people (students or foreign), a choice of an individual or poverty, housing needs of the lack of low-income housing and other issues such as unemployment, underemployment, domestic violence and divorce. As Policymakers, we will focus on the homeless people in BaltimoreRead MoreMountains beyond Mountains: Dr. Paul Farmer Essay example1336 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Paul Farmer in Mountains Beyond Mountains is a clear example of a selfless man. Dr. Paul Farmer has made it his mission to dedicate his life to helping the poor and desolate. His morals are sound in that he does not view sick people as objects or untouchables, but as humans deserving of care, compassion and fair and proper treatment, no matter their ability to pay. Dr. Farmer makes sacrifices and advocates for the poor throughout his journey, showing the rest of the world how one man can makeRead MoreQuality Of Care For Maternal And Newborn Health1721 Words   |  7 Pagesof care for maternal and newborn health has been an agenda that has been neglected. Many women experience disrespectful, abusive, or neglectful treatment during child birth in facilities.Woman autonomy are being violated, leaving women without the choice to seek the proper maternal health care services. Quality care for women and newborns morality has been seeking less attention.issues with quality of care must improve deaths of mothers and newborns has became a issue. Stitches proves that more thanRead More Homeless Children Essay3565 Words   |  15 Pagesare without adequate shelter, nourishment, healthcare, or education . When a child is homeless, it is not just a house that they are without. They are more likely than other children to experience hunger, constant illness, mental disorders, and developmental delays.1 Being homeless negatively affects a child’s overall welfare and ability to thrive within their community throughout their childhood and into their adulthood. It impedes their ability to live a healthy life and gain an adequate educationRead MorePoverty is a Human Rights Issue Essay1987 Words   |  8 PagesThe question of whether poverty is a human rights issue is a controversial one. On the one hand, in development economics theory, poverty is defined as deprivation or a lack of income and has to be solved through economic growth. On the other hand, from the perspective of international human rights laws, poverty is first and foremost as a denial of fundamental rights and as such it’s a human rights crisis. However, in the final analysis and based on both my experience a s a citizen of one the poorest

Community College For Community Colleges - 857 Words

Literature Community College Revenue Community colleges have roots dating back to the 1900’s and became more homogenous with the help of the 1960’s California Master Plan for Higher Education. In the past, community colleges were tuition-free or subsidized by local property taxes and state appropriations (Cohen, M. Brawer, F. 2008). Currently, community college financing has been unpredictable â€Å"due to the discretionary nature of state support and the vagaries of funding initiatives† (Phelan, 2014, pg. 7). Nevertheless, colleges continue to be dependent on state appropriations and local property taxes as the primary source of revenue. Due to the instability associated with appropriations, community colleges must develop dynamic budgets that have the capacity to overcome fluctuations in revenue and enable the college to offer affordable access to higher education to its constituents. Community College Expenditures The greatest cost associated with operating a community college is the cost of personnel. Personnel costs include the salaries paid to administrators, instructors, and staff as well as the cost to provide benefits (Israel Kihl, 2005). Table 1 reveals how a mid sized community college spent on average spends 90% of their budget on personnel costs. Community College Budgeting Process The budgeting process is one of the most important tasks colleges must participate in. The primary architect in developing the budget of a community college is the chiefShow MoreRelatedAmerican Community Colleges And The American Association Of Community College947 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Community Colleges were established in the twentieth century to address the needs of the workforce development (The American Association of Community College, 2015). Moreover, skilled workers were critical to the economic growth and strength of America’s society (American Association of Community College, 2015). Although the community college’s mission has not changed, employment skills have changed. In order to yield tangible economic benefits to the community, community colleges have toRead MoreThe Mission Of Community Colleges1130 Words   |  5 Pagesaltered missions of community colleges and related impacts on the historical mission of community colleges. The mission of community colleges were intended to serve all individuals with an equal opportunity for higher education access. In this research paper, there will be four guided questions: 1. What was the original mission of community colleges? 2. How has the community colleges mission changed over time? 3. How did the organizational culture impact the community colleges? 4. What are societalRead MoreThe Importance Of Community College1075 Words   |  5 PagesEvery year thousands of individuals are faced with questions about college. These questions, whether it be committing to a community college or a university or deciding to commute or live on campus, determine the course a students’ life takes while in college. Finding a college that fits each individual person and their unique needs is a difficult task that takes time and patience. I believe revamping the structure of community colleges will benefit students of all ages. Remodeling the acceptance andRead MoreLeadership At A Community College2115 Words   |  9 Pagesin the Support of Veterans Continuing Education in Community Colleges Leadership within higher education organizations is essential to the functioning and success of the establishment. Leadership practices can vary depending on the type of higher education organization and the issue or goal at hand. The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate the best leadership practices in support of veterans continuing their education at a community college. The review of Bolman and Deal’s organizational framesRead MoreAmerica s College For A Community College Essay1787 Words   |  8 PagesFree Community College, also known as President Obama’s America’s College Promise Plan, has gained much publicity recently due to the increasing cost of attending a post-secondary institution. The America’s College Promise Plan initiative is designed to enable all students the access to enroll in a community college for free. This research study aims to explore the impact the word â€Å"free† means to high school students regarding attendi ng a community college. This literature review will give a briefRead MoreCommunity College Vs. University Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesFor me, the decision to go to college was never based on community college vs. university. In high school, I did not apply myself and did not make the grades to go to college. As graduation time came and went I found myself disinterested in the idea. I often felt that I wasn’t smart enough to pursue a higher education and the possibility of failure was too intimidating. It wasn’t until my daughter was born that I decided I wanted to earn a career and make myself into something she could be proudRead MoreHappy County Community College778 Words   |  4 PagesHappy County Community College was established in 1968. According to The American Community College book (2014), Cohen, Brawer, and Kisker proposed that community colleges were established to train individuals to operate the nation’s expanding industries. However, most community colleges have evolved with the time and new demands from industries (Cohen, Brawer, Kisker, 2014). HCCC seemed to be stuck in time – the twentieth century. At HCCC, facilities were dilapidated, equipment was old, andRead MoreCommunity College For Free Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity College for Free A moderate college budget for an in-state public college for the 2015–2016 academic year averaged $24,061. College is an extremely costly experience that limits most people from not coming into the graduation range due to the debts they would never be able to pay back throughout their life. Community colleges should have a free tuition so that upon attending, lower debt on students, a healthier lifestyle, community improvement, availability, and a smarter country mayRead MoreCommunity College : Is It A Waste Of Time?898 Words   |  4 Pages Is it beneficial to attend community college before attending a university or is it a waste of time? There is a huge debate on whether or not attending community college is worth the time, or if it is as wasteful as rumored. While some people argue that it is not worth attending a community college before a university, I believe that it is beneficial. It helps students transition from high school to college life as well as encourage them to further their education. Grubb, W. Norton, and MarvinRead MoreBenefits Of Attending A Community College897 Words   |  4 Pagesface many challenges when it comes to obtaining a college education. We evaluate an institution’s quality based on what we need the most. The qualities sought out may vary by each person’s personal point of view. However, as a student, I’ve found that most students seek for an institute that benefits them the most. Attending a community college has been an enormous advantage towards my education. I have been attending San Bernardino Valley College for the last two semesters. I have come to respect

Evolution Of Humans Essay Example For Students

Evolution Of Humans Essay Human evolution is the biological and cultural development of humans. A human isany member of the species Homo sapiens, meaning wise man. Since at leastthe Upper Paleolithic era, some 40,000 years ago, every human society hasdevised a creation myth to explain how humans came to be. Creation myths arebased on cultural beliefs that have been adopted as a legitimate explanation bya society as to where we came from. The science of paleoanthropology, which alsotries to create a narrative about how humans came to be, is deeply technical. Paleoantropology is the science of the evolution of humans, and it is the baseof all research in that field. Humans have undergone many different changesduring the last hundred million years, and it is the paleoanthropologists jobto identify and explain these changes. In this research paper I will examine:human physical traits that define their species, human origins from pre-humansto modern humans, major discoveries and the history of human evolution, and whatthe future may hold as far as evolution for the human species. Homo sapiens arethe only living representative of the family Hominidae. The Hominidae, orhominids are a group of upright walking primates with relatively large brains. So all humans are hominids, but not all hominids could be called human. Next allhumans are primates. The mammalian order of primates include about 180 speciesof prosimians (lemur like animals), monkeys, apes, and ourselves. Primates areunusual mammals for they have evolved such distinctive traits as highlydeveloped binocular vision, mobile fingers and toes with flat nails instead ofclaws, a shortened snout with a reduced sense of smell, and large brainsrelative to body size. If primates are unusual for mammals, humans are even moreunusual for primates. We are essentially elaborated African apes. We sharealmost 99 percent of our genetic material with chimpanzees. Yet we have severaltraits that are very different. Two legged walking, or bipedalism seems to beone of the earliest of the major hominine characteristics to have evolved. Toaccommodate this strange position, we have developed a specialized pelvis, hipand leg muscles, and an S-shaped vertebral column. Because these changes can bedocumented in fossil bone, bipedalism is seen as the defining trait of the subfamily Homininae. Much of the human ability to make and use tools and otherobjects stem from the large size and complexity of the human brain. Most modernhumans have a braincase volume of between 79.3 and 91.5 cubic inches. In thecourse of human evolution the size of the brain has more than tripled. Theincrease in brain size may be related to changes in hominine behavior. Over timestone tools, and other artifacts became increasingly numerous and sophisticated. It is likely that the increase in human brain size took place as part of acomplex interrelationship that included the elaboration of tool use and toolmaking, as well as other learned skills which permitted our ancestors to beincreasingly able to live in a variety of environments. The earliest homininefossils show evidence of marked differences in body size, which may reflect apattern of the different sexes in our early ancestors. The bones suggest thatfemales may have been 3 to 4 ft in height and about 60 to 70 lb. in weight,while males may have been somewhat more than about 5 ft tall, weighing about 150lb. The reasons for this body size difference are disputed, but may be relatedto specialized patterns of behavior in early hominine social groups. Thisextreme difference between sexes appears to disappear gradually sometime after amillion years ago. The third major trend in hominine development is the gradualdecrease in the size of the face and teeth. All the great apes are equipped w ithlarge, tusklike canine teeth that project well beyond the level of the otherteeth. The earliest hominine remains possess canines that project slightly, butthose of all later hominines show a marked reduction in size. Also, the chewingteeth, the premolars and molars, have decreased in size over time. Associatedwith these changes is a gradual reduction in the size of the face and jaws. Inearly hominines, the face was large and positioned in front of the braincase. Asthe teeth became smaller and the brain expanded, the face became smaller and itsposition changed. Thus, the relatively small face of modern humans is locatedbelow, rather than in front of, the large, expanded braincase. Evidence ofimmediate relatives of the human species begins about five million years agowith the Australopithecus genus and leads in to the primitive Homo genus tomodern humans. The nature of the humans evolution before that is uncertain,but scientists have hypothesized some ideas. What they do know is th at between 7and 20 million years ago, primitive apelike animals were widely distributed onthe African and later on the Eurasian continents. Although many fossil bones andteeth have been found, the way of life of these creatures, and theirevolutionary relationships to the living apes and humans, remain matters ofstrong disagreement among scientists. One of these fossil apes, known asSivapithecus, appears to share many features with the living Asian great ape andthe orangutan, whose direct ancestor it may well be. None of these fossils,however, offers convincing evidence of being on the evolutionary line leading tothe hominid family generally. But they do help paint a picture of what earlyhuman relatives could have been like. The convincing fossil evidence for humanevolution begins with Australopithecus. Fossils of this genus have beendiscovered in a number of sites in eastern and southern Africa, and were firstidentified in South Africa in 1924. Earliest fossils show them existing ab out3.9 million years ago, and the genus flourished until it seemed to have becomeextinct about 1.5 million years ago. All the australopithecines were efficientlybipedal and thus indisputable hominines. In details of their teeth, jaws, andbrain size, however, they differ enough among themselves to warrant divisioninto four species: A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. robustus, and A. boisei. Theearliest australopithecine is A. afarensis, which lived in eastern Africabetween 3 and 3.9 million years ago. Found in the Afar region of what is nowEthiopia and in Tanzania, A. afarensis had a brain size a little larger thanthose of chimpanzees. Some of the species possessed canine teeth somewhat moreprojecting than those of later hominines. No tools of any kind have been foundwith A. afarensis fossils. Between about 2.5 and 3 million years ago, A. Shiloh by Bobbie Ann Mason Essayafarensis fossil. Nicknamed Lucy, paleoanthropologists have found out periods ofmillions of years through her, and have used that knowledge to speculate onother discoveries. Footprints, bones, teeth, etc. are all used to help piecetogether the puzzle. Human evolution may have reached a dead end, foreseeablefor a while at least. Despite the enormous changes that we have wreaked on ourenvironment, major evolutionary changes in humans will not occur in the distantfuture. Scientists dismiss the idea that the species is going somewhereunder natural selection and then describe how most successful species are stablethrough their geological lifetimes. Furthermore, given the relative pace ofcultural change and lack of isolation of human populations, there is littlechance for a new different human species. Modern understanding of humanevolution rests on known fossils, but the picture is far from complete. Onlyfuture fossil discoveries will enable scientists to fill many of the blanks inthe present picture of human evolution. Employing sophisticated technologicaldevices as well as the accumulated knowledge of the patterns of geologicaldeposition, anthropologists are now able to pinpoint the most promisinglocations for fossil hunting more accurately. In the years ahead this willresult in an enormous increase in the understanding of human biological history. BibliographyEdgar, Blake, and Johanson, Donald. From Lucy to Language. New York: Simonand Schuster, 1996. Fagan, Brian. The Journey from Eden The Peopling of OurWorld. London: Thames and Hudson, 1990. Gallagher, Richard B., Michael Murphy,and Luke ONeill. What Are We? Where Did We Come From? Where Are WeGoing? Science 14 Jan. 1994: 181-183 Gibbons, Ann, When It Comes toEvolution, Humans Are in the Slow Class. Science 31 March. 1995: 1907-1908Human Evolution. Microsoft Encarta. 1996 ed. CD-ROM Leakey, Richard. TheOrigin of Humankind. New York: Basic Books, 1994. Lemonick, Michael NewThinking on Human Evolution Time 14 March 1994: 81-87Biology

Warehouse Management Essay Sample free essay sample

a ) The Warehouse Functions The warehouse are a critical portion of industrial or concern concern. public and private project. etc. and it must be designed to accommodate the peculiar demands of the organisation concern. There is hence no criterion system. which can be universally recommended or applied. but of class of clip. certain rule and patterns of more or less general applications have been evolved. The warehouses in most organisation is an country in which all sort of stuffs needed for production. distribution. care. packaging etc. are warehoused. received and issued. The warehouses and warehouse maps are hence fundamentally concerned with retention of stocks. However as will be apparent subsequently. warehouses and warehouse direction covers great trade more than merely these facets include the undermentioned activities. †¢ Holding. control and issue of stocks†¢ Control of all warehouse or warehouses. stockyard and outside storage units†¢ Material handling maps†¢ Quality control activity†¢ Training of warehouse and warehouse staff†¢ Clerical disposal of warehouse and warehouses operations†¢ Security of warehouse and warehouses B ) Basic Functions of Warehouse Modern warehouses or warehouse has a broad assortment of maps to execute expeditiously. We will write a custom essay sample on Warehouse Management Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The mode in which the shop and warehouse direction carries out these undertakings will be reflected in the overall efficiency of the organisation. The primary aim may be regarded as on of supplying service to the operating maps – all other warehouses and warehouse maps are low-level to this chief duty although they have they own comparative importance. The maps includes: †¢ To provide all stuffs and related services to guarantee continuance of the operations. The flow must be balanced. †¢ To warehouse. control and publish all work in advancement and portion completed points or merchandises. †¢ To warehouse. control and publish all tools. equipment and spare parts needed by the operations of the organisation. †¢ To have. warehouse. control and use all bit and extra stuffs produced or manufactured by the organisation. †¢ To guarantee equal wellness and safety safeguards are taken in relation to the whole warehouses and warehouse maps. †¢ To command all preparation and staff development within warehouses and warehouse country. degree Celsius ) Type of Materials Held The followers is generalised list of typical points or merchandises that are normally found in a medium to big size warehouses or warehouse productive system: †¢ Raw stuffs†¢ Component parts†¢ Packaging stuffs†¢ Spare parts†¢ Tools. gage 7 gigues†¢ Work in advancement†¢ Finished goods†¢ Maintenance stuffs However. the scope. value and the complexness of the points held by any peculiar warehouses or warehouse will depend upon the size and the complexness of the operations involved. Different type of organisations have different type of points or merchandises in stocks e. g. : A PRODUCTION OPERATION will hold natural stuffs. constituent parts. work in advancement. and packaging and associated stuffs. A DISTRIBUTION OPERATION will hold finished goods. constituent parts. portion competed work and gross revenues and marketing support stuffs. AN ENGINEERING OPERATION will hold trim parts. tools. equipment and cleansing and serving stuffs or care stuffs. Because of this broad fluctuation in the sort of points or merchandises found in warehouses or warehouse. shopkeeper or warehouse supervisor demand to hold a broad working cognition or experience of a great figure of stuffs types and operations. vitamin D ) Duties and Responsibilities of warehouse and warehouses Management. There is a broad scope and duties that warehouse and warehouses direction has to execute at assorted phases of the warehouse and warehouses operations. All are really of import to the overall efficiency of the organisations add its aims: †¢ ECONOMY: One of the basic responsibilities of warehouses and warehouse is to guarantee that all operations within the warehouses and warehouse system are perform as efficiency and is economically as possible. The construct of economic degree of stock is portion of this duty. This responsibility is to guarantee minimal costs should be clear to every member of the warehouse and warehouses squad. †¢ STOCK CONTROL: It is the duty of warehouses A ; warehouse direction to guarantee that the procedure of stock control is performed within the warehouses and warehouse subdivision. The warehouses and warehouse direction must guarantee that the basic purposes of stock control are achieved. Warehouses must analyse the information refering production. gross revenues and distribution needed to keep the stock control system. †¢ Banal Record: It is the duty of warehouses and warehouse direction to guarantee that adequate and up to day of the month stock records are maintained for every points held in stock. whether on site or any other locations within the stock control system. These records must supply the sort of information required to command and keep the degrees of stock established. i. e. degree of stock. order degrees. codification figure. supplier’ s mention. etc. †¢ STOCK TAKING AND CHECKING: The warehouses or warehouse director shall be responsible for forming. oversing and collating all stocks cheques carried out by the organisation. He or she should be required to explicate numbering sheets. allocate staffs. cheque consequences. investigate disagreements and produce concluding figures for the usage in the concluding histories. †¢ Storage OF STOCKS: It is one of the basic responsibilities of warehouse and warehouses to drop and warehouse all goods delivered to the warehouse. Storage of stuffs entails the right location of goods in connexion of with suppliers’ instructions. and requires accomplishments and cognition on the portion of warehouses and warehouse staff. denudation in head that some stuffs needed peculiar conditi ons of storage. e. g. must be kept dry. etc. it is the responsibility of warehouses to guarantee that goods do non endure harm or impairment because of inefficiency storage. †¢ IDENTIFICATION AND LOCATION OF STOCKS: It is the duty of warehouses and warehouse direction to explicate and update a system of warehouse cryptography. so as to let efficient designation location of all goods or merchandises and services held within the warehouse operations. It is besides the responsibility of warehouses and warehouse to guarantee that. if the point required is non available. so a suited option is commended ( where one exists ) †¢ ISSUES AND DESPATCH: It is the responsibility of warehouses and warehouse to guarantee that goods and services required from the operations are issued as and when required. bearing in head the demand for mandate and rigorous clerical control of all issues of stocks. The issue processs should be smooth and efficient. It is frequently the issue of stock processs that determines the position that determines the position of warehouses thought the whole organisation. †¢ Inspection: It is the responsibility of the warehouses and warehouse to inspect and look into all the bringings made to the warehouse or warehouses. these cheques to include such factors as measure. type. quality. harm and deficit. In many instances supplier will non accept duty for harm of goods unless they are reported within a specified figure of yearss of bringing. Information originating from such review has to be passed to buying section. †¢ SECURITY OF WAREHOUSE AND WAREHOUSES: It is the responsibility of the warehouse and warehouses director to guarantee that security is maintain at all clip within the warehouse edifice and stockyard. The security elements of the warehouse manager’s occupation screen non merely larceny. but besides harm. fire and spillage. It is besides included guaranting that doors. Windowss. and stockyards fencing are unafraid. †¢ MATERIAL Handling: One of the basic occupations of any warehouses squad is the handling of all stuffs. rapidly and safely. Traveling goods from the warehouses to the mill or warehouse is really of import responsibility of warehouse and warehouses director and his subsidiaries. †¢ RECEIPT OF STOCK: It is the responsibility of the shopkeeper or warehouse supervisor to have and manage all points delivered to warehouses or warehouse to look into the certification ( bringing notes. packing notes. etc ) and to inform buying and warehouses and warehouse direction of all goods received. vitamin E ) Forming the Warehouse FunctionIn any endeavor it is desirable that appropriate authorization. should publish a written directing covering warehouse policy and organisation. clearly specifying the bounds within which the map operates and conveying authorization to move within these bounds. A directing is normally supplemented by departmental instructions sing inside informations of systems and operations and these may in bend be instructions together with specimen signifier and list of responsibilities of forces concerned. In little organisation. the warehouses maps may be operated from a individual office run by one shopkeeper but in a big organisation it is necessary to allocate the assorted responsibilities to divide subdivisions e. g. †¢ Identification or vocabulary subdivision†¢ Standardization subdivision†¢ Warehouse subdivision†¢ Stockyard subdivision†¢ Stock control subdivision†¢ Record subdivision†¢ Histories subdivision The importance of the warehouses maps is being progressively recognized and in big concern overseas. the adult male in charge of it occupies a senior supervisory place of managerial position being described as the warehouses overseer or warehouse officer. In an industrial field peculiarly. the specialisation of production an increasing complexness of modern merchandises and machinery requires a high criterion of organisation and public presentation in warehouses work. and the scope of stuffs. constituents and spares is continually spread outing. Warehouses and buying are big mutualist and any inefficiency or deficiency of cooperation on either side is shortly reflected in other. There are on occasion particular fortunes in industry which would warrant a split in control but more progressive concern show an increasing inclination to put up a completed incorporate buying and warehouse direction or normally known as â€Å"Logistics† or â€Å"Material Management† responsible for all the activities conveying the work under on responsible section manage. Such arrange has advantages. some of which are: I. One section caput merely reports to the line direction and his duty for the monetary value and handiness of stuff is clear and an evitable. two. A individual section control eliminates clash and ensures maximal cooperation of each subdivision. three. It is easier to give more comprehensive preparation to staff and improves publicity chances iv. It avoids duplicate of records and activities degree Fahrenheit ) Relationship with other Departments with the organisation or concern units. The warehouse or warehouses. by practical of its maps or activities must be seen as supplying a service to rest the organisation it serves. The criterion of service will impact the overall efficiency of the organisation – its relationship to other major sections is of paramount of import. Although. warehouses is supplying the service. it needs certain sum of engagement and information from the other major section to guarantee that the service provided is efficient and meets the organisation needs in every sense. †¢ Production: is evidently one of the most of import users. Warehouse or warehouses direction has excessively guarantee that all stuffs needed for continuance of production are available as and when required. The production direction portion in this relationship is to guarantee that equal warning is given to warehouse or warehouses about the needed of stuffs together with the information about the type. measure and quality required future demands and besides the public presentation of stuffs already issued. †¢ Distribution: is really of import when warehouse or warehouses direction has control of finished stock or goods – to be distributed to pass through terminals. jobbers depots or warehouses and throughout the organization’s selling channels or distributions webs. Warehouse direction has to guarantee that equal stocks are available in right measures and marshaled ready for lading onto the method of conveyance employed. Distribution is responsible for provi ding up to day of the month information about the demands and wants of the distribution system and must do every attempt to give warehouse or warehouses direction equal notice of lading measures. finishs. types and marshalling points to guarantee efficient services. †¢ ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT: the applied scientists are responsible for guaranting the works and machinery operated bye the organisation is kept in working order and is executing at is designated efficiency. Warehouses direction has to guarantee that all the necessary spare parts. tools and equipment are in stock or easy available from the providers stock. The technology section will frequently work to an technology agenda ( a timetable of technology activities covering 2 – 3 months ) . A transcript of this agenda must be given to the warehouse or warehouses director so that stocks can be checked and points brought in that will be needed during the clip period covered by agenda. This will guarantee that the point required bye the applied scientists will be available. as and when they are required. therefore avoiding the state of affairs of depriving down machines being left for hebdomads expecting trim parts. QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION: quality control is the section which is responsible for administering the criterions set by the organisation in relation to all the stuffs both used and produced by the organisation. Inspection is really of import procedure. The warehouses or warehouse direction has to guarantee that all bringings of goods are held a side checked and passed by quality control. and must put up a system for informing quality control that the point have been delivered. All points checked and later rejected have to be held by the warehouse or warehouses. During this period warehouse have to be guarantee that the stock labeled â€Å"for rejection† is non allowed to go portion of the acceptable working or sound stock. Problems of jilted stock being used in production can be really dearly-won in footings of loss of end product and repute. †¢ PURCHASING DEPARTMENT: the links between the warehouses and buying in term of their activities have ever been really near. In many instances these two sections are united under the header of â€Å"Supply Management† . Where two separate operations do be. the relationship between them is critical. Buying is responsible for purchasing all the goods and services needed by the organisation. Purchasing is relies on warehouses for a broad assortment of supportive activities. Buying demand warehouse to maintain it inform about the degree of stock at any given clip. and it is up to warehouse to maintain buying up to at any given clip. and it is up to warehouse to maintain buying up to day of the month as to the entire stock state of affairs. This will enable buying to guarantee that stocks are procured and that a balance and economic flow of goods and services is provided. Buying. because of its physical separation from the warehouses country and the mill floor relies on warehouses for up to day of the month and accurate information. based on mill and user’s feedback to warehouse supervisor. about public presentation of stock can be really of import in guaranting maximal efficiency of the buying operations and its rating of the stuff purchased. Warehouses must besides retrieve that it is the buying section. which is responsible for the purchasing of goods and stuffs and all that it involved with providers. unless directed by buying section. It can do job if warehouses direction makes determinations sing the bringing. quality. progressing and choice of goods without the full background information that buying section will hold. The organisation that employs the â€Å"Supply Management† construct or attack to its warehouses and buying operations will be given to endure less from this sort of jobs. †¢ SALES A ; MARKETING DEPARTMENT: The relationship between warehouses and gross revenues section is really of import 1. Warehouse is responsible for guaranting that all stocks held for gross revenues are warehoused issued and controlled every bit expeditiously as possible. The gross revenues staff will frequently trust on warehouses to guarantee that marshalling of stock is carried out and that the procedure of carrying up in relation to gross revenues publicity and other selling activities is carried out efficaciously. Warehouses may besides be responsible for control of trim parts and accoutrements used in connexion with finish merchandise. which may hold to be supplied as and when required by the gross revenues section. Warehouses direction must besides be cognizant of the prognosis about the future gross revenues. so as to be able to do programs in term of stock degrees. storage infinite. outside warehousing and staff degrees. †¢ MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT: Warehouses has to guarantee that all the stuffs. tools. trim parts and equipment needed by the care section are in stock as and when required. This will include the general care points. i. e. cleaning stuffs. pigments. woodworking tools. etc. . every bit good as the more specialised points used in airing system. warming system and other elements for operations. To guarantee that these points are in stock. Warehouses must be cognizant of all long and short-run care programs. as produced by care section. In some instances. specialised stuffs will hold to be ordered in progress of demand. and warehouse direction will therefore demand to hold a complete cognition of all programs. day of the months. demands and possible effects of care. †¢ GENERAL ACCOUNTING DEPARMENT: The relationship between warehouses and histories screens several really of import countries. An history relies warehouses for information refering the value of stock held. and about points damaged and hence to be written off the assets list. The histories section will frequently inquire the warehouse to corroborate the reception of goods as invoiced. particularly in instances of uncertainty or question. Warehouses besides provides a continues supply of informations sing the usage of stock in operations and hence AIDSs the histories section in its maps of cost allotment to a peculiar batches or occupations as carried out by the operations maps. 1. WAREHOUSES. WAREHOUSES AND STOCKYARD DESIGN A ; LAYOUT Introduction1. There are three likely warehouse/stockyard state of affairss which will affect design and layout considerations †¢ An appraisal of an bing layout †¢ A study of a edifice or country to make up ones mind if it is suited for warehouse or stockyard †¢ The design. planning and commissioning of a new warehouse / warehouse 2. In any of this state of affairs the basic rules to be followed are the same ; when. nevertheless. a new edifice undertaking is involved there are particular extra process. which will be considered in a ulterior chapter. Warehouse. Warehouse Design A ; Layout – Basic Principle3. There are two basic rule refering warehouses design and layout which must have maximal consideration: †¢ The operations in a warehouse or warehouses must be sited so that work flows straight from one operations to another in a consecutive line †¢ The upper limit used for storage must be made of three-dimensional infinite and the lower limit used for indispensable maps ( for illustration. reception. storekeeping. issues ) 4. Any warehouse or warehouse which is laid out with these rules in head will be much more efficient that one in which there is no flow. or which is blowing considerable countries of the shops or warehouse by non doing maximal usage of three-dimensional infinite. The two basic rules must be remembered invariably. but in add-on there era a figure of factors. which must besides be taken in history. Warehouses Design and Lay Factor 5. There factors can be used. combine with the basic rules. in the undermentioned ways: †¢ To judge the efficiency of the bing design and layout †¢ To measure the suitableness as a warehouse of an bing edifice †¢ A demands for a new warehouses edifice 6. Factors – The Undertaking of the Building or Are †¢ SIZE. how large is it? How long. how wide. how high? †¢ Method of building ( Building merely ) . Bricks? Concrete? Metal? Timber? Open shelter roofed by canvas. reed. and thatch? †¢ Access. Can be the edifice / countries merely be approached by route or is there rail entree as good? Is at that place outside difficult standing? Where does the route or railroad line? †¢ Lightning. Ventilation ( Building merely ) . Is the lightning adequate? Is at that place good natural visible radiation? Is it being unreal lightning? If a stockyard. could it operated at dark? Is the edifice ventilated? Naturally. by airing gaps? Artificially by fans? Both? Or neither? What is the afternoon temperature? Can sunlight be shaded? †¢ Doors. How broad? How high? Position in the edifice? †¢ Obstacles. Pillars back uping the roof? Roof beams? Existing equipment. conveyors? Stephen cranes? †¢ Floor. Concrete? Metal? Timber? Earth? What is the design and strength? How many lbs per sq foot or kg per M2? 7. Factor – The Undertaking of the Building or Area †¢ What is being warehoused or what is to be warehoused? O ( Timber? Metal? Piece Parts? Finished Goods? ) †¢ How much activity? How many grosss? How many issues? 8. Factor – The Storage Methods in Use or to be used †¢ What are the features of the points warehoused? Are they bulky? Are they awkward forms? Are they heavy? Are they light? Are they hard to manage? †¢ Are the point warehoused a fire hazard? Is at that place a jeopardy in hive awaying them. for illustration chemical? †¢ Are they a security hazard? Is at that place explosive? Ammunition? Weapons? Cherished metals? †¢ How much care wills the warehouses requires? How frequently must they be inspected? How frequently repaired. maintained. repackaged? †¢ What work force is or would be required? What work force is or would be available? 9. Factor – Material Handling †¢ What mechanical handling equipment ( MHE ) is required? †¢ What is presently available? How is it used? How could it be used? †¢ What gangways are required? What fuel or power beginnings? 10. Factor – Fire A ; Security †¢ Fire – how great is the hazard? What fire safeguards must be taken? †¢ Security – What security orders must be instituted? How is larceny is detected. prevented? †¢ What consequence will these assorted safeguards and precautions have on the layout? 11. Factors – Welfare Provision must be made and infinite allocated for: †¢ Toilets †¢ First Aid Facilities †¢ Rest Rooms †¢ Canteens 12. Factors – Flexibility A critical inquiry: †¢ Storage undertaking and demands tend to alter. Can the bing or proposed layout be adjusted rapidly to get by with alteration? 13. Drumhead A steadfast appreciation of the rules and factors regulating warehouse and stockyard design and planning is indispensable if right judgements are to be made and advice given on either bing or proposed layouts. If the design and planning is non carried out decently the consequence will be: †¢ Poor service to client †¢ Poor control of the warehouses A ; warehouse operations †¢ Costly disposal †¢ Duplication inability to respond to unanticipated fortunes Factors – The factors have been written as a series of inquiries. They will be really utile if used as a checklist when inspecting an bing or suggested warehouse location and will organize the footing of any studies to be written afterwards. Although many different sorts of warehouses. storage room and stockyards exists. Many of them in the same company. it must be remembered that the factors and rules apply to them all. 2. MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT ( MHE ) There is a bewildering assortment of managing AIDSs available. from poke barrow to stacker Crane or powered conveyers. It is besides extremely competitory market in which purchaser is in a strong place to there is no recent why the equipment to run into the demand precisely can non be acquired at an advantageous monetary value. The modern construct is to get down a warehouse from amylum. utilizing the system attack. associating the edifice. storage AIDSs and MHE into bundle. But there are many storage AIDSs and MHE into a bundle. But there are many warehouses. which were set up some old ages ago and have been bit by bit modernized. These are the warehouses that have found that increases in efficiency and productiveness are possible by the usage of some signifier of mechanical managing AIDSs or aid. One of the greatest hazards is that sometimes organisations are persuaded to purchase equipment. which is non appropriate for the undertaking or maps. Mangers involved must hold a clear apprehension of the assorted types of equipment and the features of each. Equipment can be divided loosely into manus operated and power operated types: 1. Hand Operated MHE †¢ Hand palette and still age trucks – sidelong motion of palettes and still ages. Capacities up to 2000 kegs or 2 tones †¢ Hand stacking trucks – raising device frequently manually operated and utile when frequence of raising operations non really great. Capacity of up to 1 tone or 1000kgs. †¢ Monorails – â€Å"I† subdivisions rails with little streetcars bearing suspended tonss. 2Power Operated MHEMotive power is by and large diesel or battery electric. although LP gas and brinies electricity besides exists. Lateral MotionPowered palette and still age trucks – powered version of the non-automatic types. Variations so that operators can sit or stand and order picking versions. Capacity up to about 2 tones. Battery electricity tractors – tractors and dawdlers most efficient when tonss to be moved laterally over approximately 100m. Towing capacity up to 20 – 30 tones by and large available but up to 100 tones and beyond for particular demands. Battery electric or Diesel. 2. Raising A ; Stacking Counter balance Fork Lift TrucksThe weight of the burden carried on the fork lift at the forepart is balanced by the weight of the truck behind the forepart wheels. Pedestrian or rider operated. Available in 3 or 4 wheels versions in capacities from 500kgs to 40 tones. Battery electric. Diesel. LPG or gasolene power. although battery electric Michigans after about 4 tones capacities the size of the battery required Begins to do the truck prohibitively big. A 2 tones capacity truck needs an operating gangway of 4m and can obtained with lift highs of at least 6m. Narrow Aisle Trucks Reach Truck – in a counter balance truck the mast and fork are fixed and forward motion involves the whole truck nevertheless. the mast merely. back uping the forks. moves frontward and holding picked up the tonss retracts within the wheelbase of the truck. This has the consequence of greatly cut downing the counterweight demands and therefore the overall length. Reach trucks. with capacity up to 2 tones. are either base on or rider operated with operator standing or seated side on to cut down overall length. Lift highs are the order of 6m and gangway demand for 2 tones machine would be about 2. 3m. Range trucks are constantly battery powered and are merely suited for operations within the warehouse. Side lading fork lift truck – the mast and forks are built into the Centre of a four wheel vehicle on one side. The mast moves frontward. at the right angles to the truck. picks up the burden and retracts within the wheelbase. Particularly utile for tonss. lumber. metal. etc. Constantly engine powered with capacity up to 10 tones. Turret Truck – fitted with revolving caput so that it can come in a narrow aisle of 1. 7m and pivot the burden through a 90degree from the way of travel for interpolation or backdown from the rack. Used in concurrence with high rise palette single-footing with lift highs in surplus of 11m. requires highly smooth and flat floor ( 1mm in 750m ) and guide tracks in aisle although wire counsel development will take the demand for usher tracks. Besides available with revolving mast instead than revolving caput. Constantly battery powered. Some developments are cut downing the aisle width excessively less than1m. There must be tremendous force per unit area on infinite to warrant the outgo required for the type of truck. Stacker Crane – non a fork lift truck but in big warehouse or warehouse economic considerations may take to acceptance of stacking Crane. These operation from and over caput fixed path set above the aisles. Suspended from these path runs a passenger car with a driver cab below. which is station making practically to anchor degree. Forks travel up and down this station and besides rotate about it. Palettes can therefore be raised or lowered and inserted and withdrawn from the racks. The aisle breadth can be cut downing to infinite required for the manoeuvre of the station and forks. Installation costs are high and Crane is restricted to the fixed path of the path. There is a scope of fond regards. which add to the versatility of a forklift truck. For illustration. †¢ Revolving forks – easing tipping †¢ Clamp Jaws – oil membranophones. bales †¢ Crane beam A ; hook †¢ Boom – spirals of wire. rugs †¢ Side displacement – manipulating and traveling palettes in confined infinite Stephen cranes Track Crane – overhead gauntry Cranes running on girders Goliath type – paths at land degree Mobile Crane – they have advantage of non being track edge and hence more various than path Crane. Normally they can merely be used within a warehouse edifice or composite. The motors for main roads use require particular evaluation. Traveling Bulk Material Conveyers – there are two chief classs. gravitation operated and power operated. Gravity operated. both the chute and the roller type have been dealt with under manus operated equipment. Power driven – the most normally used type in warehouse is the portable type. This may be fitted with an electronically controlled belt for solids and bundles. The belt may be fitted with slates and driving or push bars. Specialist conveyance methods will be used for pulverizations and liquids. 3. Which MHE to Choose For most of companies. the acquisition of MHE represents a major purchase and it is hence of import first to choose the first type of equipment and so to get the right brand and the theoretical account. The type choice standards break down into the undermentioned representative inquiries ; clearly for given state of affairss there may be more or fewer inquiries. Choice Standards Have I a job? Deficit of infinite?Load increasing?Need quicker throughput?Manpower reduced? What points? Bulk. item. liquid. A ; solid?Heavy. visible radiation. easy A ; awkward? What kind of storage? Pallet single-footing. narrow aisle. really high. block stacking? How much money available? What options for acquisition? Operating Costss? Maintenance? Breakdown? Depreciation? Environment inquiries? Noise? Fumes? Non-sparking? Union attitude? Will they alter? Is some thing non being suggested? The determination as to the board type of MHE required holding been taken. and state a forklift truck appears to be the reply. what so? Remember that any thing from about $ 8000 upwards is to be committed first is purchasing – clearly it should non be undertaken without a specification. Such a specification should be a statement of the functional demand. For an illustration. for a fork lift truck the specification should include information on the size and weight of the burden. how high it is to be lifted. aisle. breadth. etc. By and large talking the job resolves itself into choosing the right brand and theoretical account from a figure. all of which will likely fulfill the demands. It should seldom be necessary to hold to accept equipment that falls short of the specifications it some manner. That assumes that the specification is realistic and operable and does non name for something. which can non be achieved. A often originating state of affairs is that in which the equipment’s have been short lists. say to three. each of which meets the specification in every peculiar. Monetary values vary. how so do you choose the victor? In some environments an reply to the job is simple – lowest monetary values wins. This is s powerful statement and frequently marshaled when public money is involved. The danger in this policy is that history is merely being taken of the initial monetary value non the cost over the whole of the equipment’s life. which can be. for a fork lift truck in sensible operating conditions. 10 or 12 old ages. Consideration should be given to running costs. calculate dislocations and their consequence. cost of fix. cost of spares. cost of lease of short term replacings. No 1 pretends that this information is readily available but it should be obtained from other users. serving organisation. Very few companies maintain proper records of MHE use. service and fix although there is normally a wealth of such item for a vehicle fleet. Possibly a small more respect should be paid to a piece of equipment perchance bing instead more that the chairman’s Jaguar. A whole – life-costing exercising will clearly place the â€Å"best buy† which will non ever be the 1 with the lowest purchase monetary value. Acquisition Methods The likely methods by which MHE will be acquired are as follow: Outright purchase this assumes that hard currency is instantly available or can be borrowed easy at an acceptable cost. The purchaser is strongly placed and ought to be able to take advantage of price reductions and particular trades. which are offered in what is a extremely competitory market. The purchaser must do his ain agreement for serving and fix. there are a figure of reputable and capable houses specialising in MHE care – there are besides Numberss of cowpunchers. LeasingAn alternate to straight-out purchases and permits the spreading of the cost over a figure of old ages. The purchaser specifies the exact brand. theoretical account and type of equipment. which is so purchased by the leasing company and leased for a 3 or 5 old ages period. At the terminal of this clip the leasing understanding may be extended for a farther period at a cut down rate. At the decision of the understanding the equipment. depending on the type. may be sold and a major of the returns passed to the leaseholder. It is good worthwhile analyzing all the options offered by the leasing company in order to procure the most convenient and favourable agreement to accommodate the peculiar fortunes. Under a leasing understanding. the leaseholder is must do his ain agreement for care and service. although sometimes-servicing reviews are included. RentalThis option is frequence taken up for portable points of MHE when demand is likely t be of comparatively short continuances or when there is a demand to supplement bing MHE. for illustration. because of increased seasonal concern. The user specifies his demand in term of a undertaking to be performed instead than a specific brand or theoretical account ; the leasing company will do available a piece of equipment which will be capable of executing the specific undertaking. The rental period can be every bit short as a month or every bit long as a twelvemonth and the monetary value will include and hold degree of serving and care and proviso for replacing in the event of dislocation. RebuildA farther option. which exists for a palette trucks. industrial tractors and some fork lift trucks. Rebuilt equipment will be completed exploded. component parts and constituents checked. some rebuild. some new for old. The finished merchandise is offered with the same specification and normally same guarantee as the new merchandise but at approximately 60 % of the new monetary value. This is clearly a inexpensive manner of geting peculiar type of MHE and is frequently used by the first clip purchaser. At its best the rebuilt option is cheaper and the mean user as an effectual as a new merchandise. The life of the truck in normal runing status will non be disproportion ally less than a new merchandise and it hence really good value for money. Great cautiousness must nevertheless be exercised in the choice of the re-builder and in the definition of â€Å"rebuilt† . Not all the above option are suited or available for every sort of MHE ; rental and rebuilt and some leasing agreements will be given to be used for the more nomadic points. like forklift trucks. tractors. Crane etc. some fixed points like conveyers and some storage equipment lend themselves to renting options. A considerable sum of money is normally involved and it is good worthwhile analyzing all available options with attention. Decision Efficient storage and handling can do an tremendous part to the effectivity and profitableness of the warehouse A ; warehouse operations. Attention to the constructs outlined in this paper will doubtless give benefits but there is no replacement for a elaborateanalysis of the job followed by careful choice of the right equipment. Warehouse or Warehouse Managers need to maintain abreast of developments in this fast moving output and to that terminal should do every attempt to go to trade exhibitions and read the relevant proficient periodicals and. when necessary. seek the advice of experience advisers. Mentions – Aertsen. F. . [ 1993 ] . â€Å"Contracting out the Physical Distribution Function† . Inter. J. of Phy. Dist. A ; Log. Man. V. 23 ( 1 ) . – Ballou. R. H. . [ 1992 ] . Business Logistics Management Planning and Control ( 3rd Ed. ) . Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs. N. J. . – Bowersox. D. J. and Closs. D. J. . [ 1996 ] . Logistic Management. McGraw Hill. New York. – Buxton. G. . [ 1975 ] . Effective Selling Logisticss. Macmillan. London. – Lambert. D. M. and Stock. J. R. . [ 1982 ] . Strategic Physical Distribution. Richard D. Irwin. Homewood. III. – Rand. G. K. . [ 1976 ] . â€Å"Methodological Choices in Depot Location Studies† . Oper. Res. Q. V. 27 ( 1 ) . – Rushton. A. and Oxley. J. [ 1991 ] . Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management. Kogan Page. London – Internet Articles on warehousing 1999 – 2002

Commercial Drivers License Guide Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina

Commercial Drivers License Guide Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina If you live in Florida, Georgia, or South Carolina, learn the guideline for getting your Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) below. For all other states, TheJobNetwork has published articles on getting a CDL in all states. FloridaAll applicants  must  have an Operators License, pass the vision requirements, and be at least 18 years old. Anyone  under 21 will be restricted to intrastate operation.Oral exams may be given in English or Spanish, excepting skills test and  Hazmat exams. Interpreters may not be used.Class A Exam RequirementsYou need a Class A license to operate trucks or truck combinations weighing 26,001 lbs or more and towing a vehicle/unit over 10,000 lbs. The following tests are required:General Knowledge testCombinations vehicle testAir BrakesPre-TripBasic SkillCDL Road TestApplicable exams for desired endorsementsClass B Exam RequirementsYou need a Class B license is needed to operate straight trucks and buses of 26,001 lbs or more. The following tests a re required:General Knowledge testAir Brakes (if applicable)Pre-TripBasic SkillsCDL Road TestApplicable exams for desired endorsementsClass C Exam RequirementsYou need a Class C license to operate vehicles transporting placarded amounts of hazardous materials or vehicles designed to transport more than 15 persons including the driver with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating of less than 26,001 lbs. The following tests are required:General Knowledge testAir Brakes (if applicable)Pre-Trip (if applicable)Basic Skills (if applicable)CDL Road TestApplicable exams for desired endorsementsFlorida  will reciprocate an out-of-state or Canadian CDL. However, an out-of-state applicant with a Hazmat endorsement must  reapply and obtain a background check, appropriate exams, and fees.GeorgiaThe following require a  driver to hold a CDL:Combination of vehicles weighing 26, 001 pounds or moreSingle vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of 26, 001 pounds or moreSingle vehicle designed to transport mo re than 15 persons (including the driver)Any size vehicle which requires hazardous material placardsCDL ApplicationInformation about obtaining  a CDL can be found at  Customer Service Centers.  Submit your  application and $35.00 fee to any Customer Service Center (except Jackson) and take the required written knowledge exams. A  $10 permit fee is paid prior to taking the knowledge exams; the $10 fee pays for the instructional permit if you pass your exams.Anyone under  21 years of age may obtain a CDL, but will be restricted to drive only in Georgia.CDL Examination StationsAll Customer Service Centers  offer the written knowledge exams. The  Albany,  Between,  Brunswick,  Dalton,  Gainesville,  Jackson,  Milledgeville, and  Thomson  examination stations are the only centers that give CDL road tests. Tests are given by appointment only.South CarolinaApplicants applying for any of the following commercial driver credentials  must provide information about  any previous out-of-state drivers’ licenses:Obtaining a  commercial learner’s  permitTransferring an out-of-state commercial license to South CarolinaMoving from a commercial learner’s permit to a first-time commercial licenseRenewing a commercial license or learner’s permitUpgrading or downgrading a commercial license class or endorsementWhen you apply for a CDL, SCDMV will run checks against the Problem Driver Pointer System (PDPS) and the Commercial Driver License Information System (CDLIS) databases to check your prior driving history  across the country.The Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act also includes the following 5  offenses that will disqualify you from obtaining a CDL:Driving a commercial vehicle with a revoked, suspended, or canceled  CDLCausing a fatality through the negligent or criminal operation of a commercial motor vehicleDriving a commercial motor vehicle without obtaining a commercial driver’s licenseDrivi ng a commercial motor vehicle without a commercial driver’s license in possessionDriving without a required endorsement

Personal Statement Ideas

Personal Statement Ideas It has come time for you to write your personal statement, but where should you begin? We’ve gathered ideas for personal statements that will get your wheels turning and your pen writing! These personal statement ideas will help you draft the ideal statement for your college application and leave you in a shining light. Ideas for Personal Statement When you are beginning to think about how to write your personal statement, you might become overwhelmed with all the possibilities and where you should start. A personal statement for college is how you will explain what sets you apart, and how you are the right choice for the newest addition to the course. Even if you are not familiar with the specific format of a personal statement for college, you can go ahead and brainstorm ideas about what you want to include. Ideas for a personal statement draft can include: Articulating the Self Creating a thinking family tree Framing the sentences of purpose In order to draft your personal statement, take some time over a period of a few days to jot down notes. In your notes, write down anything and everything you have achieved, experienced, or currently do. Especially pay attention to anything that will be relevant to the course you want to study as well as the career path you intend to take. After all, any ideas for personal statement can be used as long as they are relevant to your personal journey and/or the course you want to pursue. To take a further look of the above examples on how to generate ideas for a personal statement, we have expanded the above examples in a step-by-step guide. ARTICULATING THE SELF Divide a sheet of paper into three columns: Traits, Values, and Key Moments Think about someone who knows you really well, a close friend or family member. Write down any negative and positive traits they would use to describe you and do not be afraid to write down the negative parts! For example, you might include: impatient, bold, creative, messy, etc†¦ In the second column, Values, write down everything that is important to you. Expand on ideas such as family, friends, or love and find the root of why these things are important to you. Does someone always have your back? What strong routines does living with your family make it so special? Everyone will have similar aspects of life they value, but the little differences will help you stand out. In the final column, take twenty minutes or so to think about your memories before jotting anything down. These key moments can be large or small, but they should be moments in your life that helped define who you are today. These moments should be when you felt the most alive. Describe one or two of these moments in a few paragraphs with a purpose of showing the reader how you felt and what you experienced. Taking the time to describe the moment in as much detail as possible will help you find your voice. The more moments you describe, the easier it will be to trace a pattern of similarities within the key moments of your life. They will show who you once were, who you are now, and who you aspire to be. And the more you write, the more confident your voice will be. CREATING A THINKING FAMILY TREE This exercise is more difficult but it is recommended to help you with your personal statement. Everyone of us has been influenced by individuals in our life that are not our family. To help discover yours, draw out a family tree or find a template to use. Once you have your family tree, start to fill in the blanks of who your intellectual or spiritual ‘family’ members are. For example, if you are directly influenced by a singer or author, she could be your intellectual ‘mother’. Naming all the individuals who make up your ‘thinking family tree’ will help you articulate your priorities and how you’ve learned to make your way in the world. These influences can directly transfer to creating your personal statement. FRAMING THE SENTENCES OF PURPOSE Being direct and specific can oftentimes be the best brainstorming activity. Some questions you can answer to help trigger ideas for a personal statement could be: What mistakes have you made that have taught you something about yourself? When have you been so involved in an activity that time seemed to melt away? Make a list of honest ideas, books, theories or movements that have impacted your life. How do your current commitments reflect your values? Where or when in your life do you seem to waste the most time? When do you find that you do your best and most creative work? Explain how you are you a typical product of your generation and/or culture? How can you deviate from what is considered normal? Personal Statement Topic Ideas When it comes to writing a personal statement, you need to be sure to include personal statement ideas for college. This specific format is expected to be used when you submit your personal statement with your college application. Personal statement topic ideas that you can use are: Telling your personal experiences that are relevant to the course of interest. Tell your readers why you are interested in the course. Share what you have done outside the classroom. This could be anything from your work experience, volunteering, conferences you have attended (that are relevant to the course). Explain why your personal experiences are relevant to the course. Explain why and how your personal experiences will be relevant to your future career. Demonstrate any transferable skills. Show the readers you are a critical thinker. Explain your long-term plan. What will you be doing in five years? Ten years? Any real world applications you have done or used that are relevant to the course. Keep a positive and enthusiastic tone in your writing. Remember, your personal statement is exactly that, personal! Share your story and anything that can help you stand out, and the admissions boards will be excited to learn more about you!

A Strategic Analysis of Ryanair Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Strategic Analysis of Ryanair - Case Study Example Starting out as a full service conventional airline in 1985, Ryanair changed its strategic direction in 1990s to become Europe's first low-fares, no-frills carrier. The company has taken advantage of the price sensitive customers and gained wide acceptance and recognition because of this strategy. Ryanair battled head-on with other traditional carriers and paved the way in the establishment of a new segment in the European industry. The early success of the budget airline, however, is threatened by the new challenges presented by its rapidly changing business environment. Thus, the main concern of Ryanair is how to sustain and maintain its position in the industry amidst these threats and challenges. In line with this, this paper will examine the current trends in the European airline industry and its implication for the budget airline sector specifically on Ryanair. This paper will primarily draw information from the case study prepared by Eleanor O' Higgins. In order to draw an adequate and accurate assessment of the situation of the industry, it will utilize various strategic management tools like PEST analysis and Porter's Five Forces Model. Another objective of this paper is an internal examination of Ryanair by identifying its strengths and weaknesses. Lastly, this paper will give an assessment of whether the business organization is meeting the expectation of the customers relative to its competitors. 2.0. External Environment Analysis: The European Airline Industry 2.1. PEST Analysis PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental. This strategic management tool is noted for its ability to capture almost all the variables in the environment where the business operates (Thomson 2002). The following section applies the PESTLE analysis of the European airline industry. Political The operation of the European airline industry is strongly affected by specific policies instituted by the government. Perhaps the most significant political transformation in the market where Ryanair operates is the governments' effort in integrating their economies through the creation of free trade unions that led to the establishment of the European Union. Through the European Union, budget airlines are given access to the numerous markets which increases their patrons together with the revenue that they generate. However, this integration also has adverse effects in the operation of budget airlines. It should be noted that the abolition of duty-free sales and the subsequent increase in airport's landing charges squeezed the margins of the players. Another policy which impacts the operation of Ryanair is the EU regulation which requires the refitting of used aircraft,

Criminology 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminology 3 - Research Paper Example Canada has short jail terms for such crimes, for example, compared to the United States and Australia. This was happening even during periods when the crime rates of the three countries were almost at the same degree (Beare 19). Most convicts are handed parole after serving only two thirds of their terms. The Canadian criminal law system provides that the highest sentence a guilty verdict carries for first degree and second degree murder is life imprisonment (Grossman & Roberts 74). However, the law also provides that a convict can apply for parole after serving 25 years of the sentence for first degree murder, and ten years for second degree murder. Although applying for parole does not mean it will be granted, the possibility of applying should be abolished to make the penalty stricter and drive citizens away from committing murder. For manslaughter, the law also provides that maximum sentence is life imprisonment. However, there is a compulsory minimum sentence applicable ranging from four to seven years if the crime was committed using a firearm, with the option of a parole (Grossman & Roberts 75). The minimum compulsory sentence which is too lenient should be done away with and only have the life imprisonment for a guilty verdict. This should also extend to manslaughter that was committed without a firearm. Under the Terrorism Law of Canada, it is provided that facilitating terrorism by financing or giving any resources towards aiding in the activity is punishable by a maximum prison term of 14 years upon a guilty verdict. Those participating in carrying out the crime are eligible to a maximum sentence of ten years (Sam 4). These penalties are far too lenient for acts of terrorism that are a danger to both the government and citizens of a nation. The punishment should be made stricter to ward off tendencies of terrorism. A lifetime sentence will be more appropriate because this crime should be viewed the same way as a murder. Adultery or sexual

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Free Research Paper Example Essay I. INTEGRATED SCIENCE(Interaction: Environment and organism) II. COURSE PAPER: CASE STUDY Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear onEarth, and are present in most habitats on the planet, growing in soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and deep in the Earths crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals, providing outstanding examples of mutualism in the digestive tracts of humans, termites and cockroaches. On February 6, 2013, scientists reported that bacteria were found living in the cold and dark in a lake buried a half-mile deep under the ice in Antarctica. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all, there are approximately five nonillion (5Ãâ€"1030) bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass that exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many steps in nutrient cycles depending on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere andputrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and methane. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch ofmicrobiology. Most bacteria secrete a covering for themselves which we call a cell wall, However, bacterial cell walls are a totally different thing than the cell walls we talk about plants having. Bacterial cell walls do NOT contain cellulose like plant cell walls do. Bacterial cell walls are made mostly of a chemical called peptidoglycan (made of polypeptides bonded to modified sugars), but the amount and location of the peptidoglycan are different in the two possible types of cell walls, depending on the species of bacterium. Some antibiotics, like penicillin, inhibit the formation of the chemical cross linkages needed to make peptidoglycan. These antibiotics don’t outright kill the bacteria, but just stop them from being able to make more cell wall so they can grow. That’s why antibiotics must typically be taken for ten days until the bacteria, unable to grow, die of â€Å"old age†. If a person stops taking the antibiotic sooner, any living bacteria could start making peptidoglycan, grow, and reproduce. Bacteria were the most prominent creatures in the early stages of lifes history almost 4000 million years until 600 million years ago. Fossils called stromatolites can still be found and were made by Cyanobacteria. III. SOURCE/REFERENCES * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria * http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bacteria.htm * http://bacteriamuseum.org/cms/Bacteria/what-are-bacteria.html * http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/bacdr.html * http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/bacdr.html IV. CONTENT A. BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE CASE Endogenous endophthalmitis is a potentially blinding ocular infection resulting from hematogenous spread from a remote primary source. The condition is relatively rare but may become more common as the number of chronically debilitated patients and the use of invasive procedures increase. Many etiologic organisms (gram-positive, gram-negative and fungal) have been reported to cause endogenous endophthalmitis. Risk factors are well defined and include most reasons for immune suppression. A high clinical suspicion is needed for early diagnosis and treatment. Early intravenous antibiotic therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment. The roles of intravitreal antibiotics and vitrectomy are evolving and may become more widely accepted as therapeutic modalities. The authors report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis and provide a brief review of the literature. Endogenous endophthalmitis is defined as an intraocular infection resulting from hematogenous bacterial spread. It is relatively rare, accounting for 2 to 8 percent of all cases of endophthalmitis, and is associated with immunocompromised states, debilitating diseases and invasive procedures.1 Because of the rapid advance of medical technology, a longer life span of patients with chronic diseases and a rising prevalence of long-term intravenous access, the disease may become more common in clinical practice. It is important that the family physician be aware of endogenous endophthalmitis because early diagnosis and prompt aggressive treatment are imperative if vision loss is to be avoided. B. POINT OF VIEW Banana bacterial (Xanthomonas) wilt, first detected in Uganda in 2001, has since spread rapidly. Approximately one third of Ugandas banana growing land is now affected by the disease, which renders fruit inedible and ultimately kills the plant. The Ugandan government has been praised for its promptness in attempting to control the spread, but despite these efforts, and the encouraging success of control in some areas, the risk of further spread, both within and beyond Uganda, remains. Strengthening and refining the control effort is now clearly essential, but how should this be done, where are the research priorities, and what action should be taken by Ugandas neighbours? In July this year an expert consultation of senior stakeholders from policy, research and disease control, was convened at the UKs Central Science Laboratory near York. They offered New Agriculturist their points of view on the current status of the disease and the ways forward for control.

ministers black veil :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Hooper is the minister of the town of Milford. One Sunday, Mr. Hooper decides to come to church wearing a black veil. He delivers his sermon while wearing the black veil even though his parishioners shy away from him and the veil adds an ominous touch to the service. After church he goes to mingle with the congregation outside, while continuing to wear the veil, and people act like they don’t know him, don’t walk beside him, and forget to invite him out to lunches that are a traditional part of Sundays there. That afternoon Mr. Hooper oversees a funeral. He still hasn’t taken off the veil, though it is a bit more appropriate in this setting to be wearing it. Then that evening he conducts a wedding with the veil still on, making it the gloomiest wedding of that time. The village people think he is losing his mind and want to talk to him and find out why his wearing the veil, but can’t seem to get the courage to do it. His wife also l eaves him because he refuses to take off the veil. Mr. Hooper doesn’t take off the veil as long as his lives, and even on his death bed refuses to take it off his earthly form   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Hooper teaches a very good lesson with this veil. Everybody has a â€Å"black veil† that they hide something behind. It is not until that things are put in the open for everybody to see that they start shunning you. If you keep your secrets hidden inside you, people still associate with you because they don’t try to look past what is on the surface, in case they might find something that they don’t like or is out of the ordinary. I don’t like that people are superficial enough to let something as small as a veil get in the way of how they feel about the minister, because the veil doesn’t change who the minister is as a person.

Comparison of The Raven and The Erlking Essay

In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast the two famous poems, ‘The Raven’ by Edgar Allen Poe and ‘The Erlking’ by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The Raven is a one hundred and eight line poem about a lonely man who is unstable after losing his wife and comes across a raven who only speaks the word, â€Å"nevermore†. The Erlking is a poem about a man in a small girl’s nightmare as he torments her but nobody else can see him. There are many similarities and differences between the two poems. Both poems have a gothic atmosphere and can be compared strongly in this way. However, both are of different lengths and differ fro9m each other. In this essay, I am going to discuss how the two poets create tension and suspense and make a conclusion after studying these poems. The first element I am going to compare and contrast is the storyline of the poem and the impression it is meant to have on its reader. I am going to start by analysing each poem individually and then make a small conclusion when I will see how they are similar and how they differ. I will be using this structure for each point I will discuss. I will start by analysing ‘The Raven’. The main principle of Edgar Allen Poe’s poem was to have a lasting effect on its reader. Shortly, before he wrote ‘The Raven’, Poe’s wife had been diagnosed with an illness. This illness was later the cause of her death soon after he had finalised is poem. It is said that this poem is his forecast of what was going to happen to his wife. This is, therefore, the reason why he chose a raven to be the main character, because it was thought to be the most evil bird. The Raven is meant to be a representation of Edgar Allen Poe reflecting his responses to the bad news of his wife. The Erlking is a very dark poem and starts by giving a notion that the boy is simply imagining the Erlking and is dying of a strange disease. However, the poem takes a sinister twist when the boy dies at the end of the poem. Goethe had many reasons of writing such a dark poem. Such a reason is that the night before he wrote the poem he saw a local farmer carrying a bundle. This turned out to be a man who was carrying his sick child to hospital. This was where the main inspiration for the storyline for the poem of the Erlking came from. Also in German mythology there is meant to be a spirit/ supernatural power that is meant to cause controversy and ruin the minds of children. These two factors were merged together to make the Erlking. They are both dark poems and want to create a mysterious mood for the reader. Both had an individual reason of why they were written but then their similarity grew because they had the same atmospheric impression. The second point I am going to examine is the linguistic techniques used by the poets. The Raven has a lot of alliteration and is used very frequently. Examples of this alliteration is:- â€Å"While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,† â€Å"And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain† Both are examples of alliteration but in different ways, one very simple and the other has more complexity. The first quote is just three consecutive words starting with the same letter. The second quotation, on the other hand, uses two words consecutively starting with the same letter. However, the third word is part of the alliteration. The ‘un’ is not part of the alliteration but the second part is. Although this part of the word starts with a ‘c’, it is pronounced as the letter ‘s’. This is still part of the alliteration because this poem was obviously written to be read aloud. The Erlking is very different to the Raven, in this way, as it does not contain hardly any alliteration used for boosting the atmosphere. The Erlking does use a linguistic technique that the Raven does not use as much is repetition. An example of this is:- â€Å"Dear father, oh father, and do you not see,† This is a technique very similar to alliteration as it created the same type of tension and both are meant to be read fairly slowly. Later on in The Erlking, this repetition phrase is repeated, showing that there is ‘internal’ repetition (with the word ‘father’) and also ‘phrasal’ repetition. The third I am going to consider is the rhyming scheme of each of the poems. The Erlking has a different rhyming scheme to the Raven. The Erlking’s rhyming scheme is a very common one but the one of the Raven is very peculiar. Many poems have the rhyming scheme the same as the Erlking because it is very basic. This rhyming scheme is:- 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C An example of this rhyming scheme in the poem is:- 1. Who rides so late where winds blow wild? 2. It is the father grasping his child; 3. He holds the boy embraced in his arm 4. He clasps him snugly, he keeps him warm. The rhyming scheme of the Raven is very different and unusual, not many poems have the same rhyming scheme. This rhyming scheme is:- 1. AA 2. B 3. CC 4. CB 5. B 6. B An example of this rhyming scheme is:- 1. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, 2. Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore- 3. While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, 4. As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door- 5. â€Å"‘Tis some visitor,† I muttered, â€Å"tapping at my chamber door. 6. Only this and nothing more.† The two poems differ greatly in their rhyming schemes and have similarities. The Erlking has a very simple rhyming scheme with only two lines that rhyme out of the four. However, the Raven has a much more complex rhyming scheme with internal rhymes as well as end-of-line rhyming. The Raven’s rhyme scheme, however, has an effect on how the poem is read. The Raven is a very gothic poem and this rhyme scheme changes the way the poem is read, especially when the enunciation is used. The Erlking is very different and is a lot easier to read, compared with the Raven. This could mean that the poem is meant for a younger audience because of the simplistic reading ability needed. The other issue I am going to study is the excess of patterning. The Raven uses this several times, however, the Erlking does not. Excess of patterning is when a sound is repeated in a line to give an emphasis of those particular words. An example of this in the Raven could be:- â€Å"Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,† This quotation from Poe’s poem gives emphasis on the description to make this highlighted when the poem is read. This could have been a good technique that could have been added to the Erlking poem to make a part of the poem more prominent. The final factor I am going to consider is the length of the poems. The Raven is considerably longer than the Erlking. The Raven being 108 lines long compared to the Erlking which is a mere 32 lines long. The length of the Raven allows Poe to go into a lot of depth in his descriptions. However, this style of writing does not suit the Erlking as well. The reason for this is that the Erlking is meant to leave questions unanswered and a sense of mystery. If it had gone into the depth that the Raven did in its length, this would have been taken away. Over all, I can see that both poems are very individual but still contain some similarities. Both poets had very different inspirations of why they wrote their poem but they still had a very similar atmosphere that was created. They also use different linguistic techniques, although they create a very parallel effect. I can see that Edgar Allen Poe uses many more techniques in his poem than Goethe does, this may be because the Raven is longer and may have more room to use more effect without ‘over-doing’ them.

Ndebele in Zimbabwe

Ndebele in Zimbabwe The Ndebele people are dispersed widely across Zimbabwe and South African’s Transvaal Province and is descendents of the same tribe as the Zulu and Xhosa people. The history of the Ndebele people can be traced back to Mafana, their first chief. Manfana’s successor, Mhlanga, had a son named Musi who, in the early 1600’s, decided to move away from his cousins, later became the Zulu nation, and to settle near the hills of Gauteng where the capital of Pretoria is located.After the death of Chief Musi, his two sons quarreled over the position of chief and the tribe divided into two sections, the Manala and the Ndzundza. By the mid 19th century two other factions, led by other sons, then broke away from the Ndebele core. These groups were later progressively assimilated by the Sotho groups undergoing considerable cultural and social change. Later, the descendents of Manala and Ndzundza maintained a cultural identity and retained language which was c loser to the Nguni language.In 1883, during the reign of the Ndebele chief Mabhogo’s, war broke out between the Ndzundza and the South African Republic, also known as the Boer. Occasionally, Mabhogo’s warriors stealthily past enemy lines undetected to retrieve food and water. However, after two women of the tribe had been ambushed and tortured, one of the women revealed the Mabhogo’s whereabouts. After the defeat of Mabhogo’s military, the tribal structure was broken up and the lands were confiscated as the people became indentured laborers.Despite the breaking down of the tribe, the Ndebele retained their cultural unity. In 1923, they were able to purchase some land and began to regroup. In the mid-1970 the South African Government established the ‘homeland’ of Kwa-Ndebele. Both southern group’s fashioned beadwork in which the Ndebele cultural are famous for, but the Ndzundza are also noted for their elaborate wall paintings. Ndebele arts have been widely illustrated, especially from their wall paintings. For over a hundred years, the Ndebele have decorated the outside of their homes with designs.The elaborate homestead decorations, consisting mainly of geometric forms painted in a variety of colors dates back from 1945. Commercial produce pigments or various earth tones in the area are used. The importance of the wall paintings to the Ndzundza probably relates to its rough history, which has a strong sense of deprivation and self- awareness of their descendents. Ndebele women traditionally adorned themselves with a variety of ornaments, each symbolizing her status in society. After marriage, dresses became increasingly elaborate and spectacular.In earlier times, the Ndebele wife would wear copper and brass rings around her arms, legs and neck to express their loyalty and faithfulness to her husband. Husbands used to provide their wives with rings; the richer the husband, the more rings the wife would wear. She would only remove the rings after the death of the husband. The rings are believed to have strong ritual powers. Today, it is no longer common to wear these rings permanently. In addition to rings, married women also wore neck hoops made of grass twisted into a coil and covered in beads, particularly for ceremonial occasions.A further outstanding characteristic of the Ndebele is their beadwork. As Ndebele society became more westernized, the artist started expressing this change in society through their paintings. Many Ndebele artist have now extended their work into the interior of homes. Ndebele artists also produce other crafts such as sleeping mats and neck hoops. Neck hoops are made by twisting grass into a circle, binding it tightly with cotton and decorating it with beads. To help preserve the grass a keep its shape, the hoop is boiled in sugar water a left outside in the heat for a few days.Beadwork is a hundred and fifty year old art among the Ndebele, and plays an importan t role in tribal custom. Beadwork is more than just an art form to the Ndebele people, is an essential part of their culture and ethnic identity. Beads are used to decorate the body, ceremonial objects and items of clothing. Among the Ndebele, beadwork is worn exclusively by women, for whom the different beadwork or garments serve an identification of status. It is an important part of their rituals and ceremonies, which mark important events in family life, from a birth of a child, to marriage, to burial.As time consuming beadwork can be for the Ndebele people, a bride may work for 2-3 years to present to their future in-law family. The evolution of beadwork over the decades tells a story, in pictures and symbols, of a tribe that refused to die. Fertility is a major importance to the Ndebele people. A fertility doll is made for the bride by the maternal grandmother and is ritually presented to her when she enters her home after the wedding ceremony. Custom has it that, after the bi rth of the third child, the fertility doll must be given away, or destroyed, because it is considered unlucky to keep it any longer.Each doll is unique as the patterns from one doll to the next are different in pattern, style and color. In addition to strengthening the Ndebele culture identity, the beaded dolls are now an important source of income for most Ndebele as it continues to be an export item. Ndebele art has always been an important identifying characteristic of the Ndebele and has a cultural significance that serves to reinforce the distinctive Ndebele identity. Ndebele artist demonstrated a fascination with the linear quality of elements in their environment.Painting is done free hand although the designs were planned before hand. The symmetry, proportion and straight edges of Ndebele decorations were done by hand without the help of rulers. Ndebele women were responsible for painting the colorful and intricate patterns on the walls of their houses. After the establishme nt of Kwa-Ndebele there was a sharp drop in the number of decorated homesteads. In the desert the overcrowded shelters are built from metal sheet and cardboard which makes it difficult to provide a painting surface.However, this Ndebele art form began to take international attention in the 1980’s and early 90’s with publications of illustrated books on the subject. Promotions from individual artists like Esther Mahlangu created her version of wall painting on canvas and can be seen in a number of international exhibits. Bibliography E. Schneider: Paint, Pride and Politics: Aesthetic and Meaning in Transvaal Ndebele Wall Art (diss. , Johannesburg, U. Witwatersrand, 1986) http://www. sokwanele. com/pdfs/BTS. df â€Å"Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace. A report on the disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands 1980–1989† M. Courtney-Clarke: Ndebele: The Art of an African Tribe (New York, 1986) [excellent pls] R. Rasmussen: Ndebele Wars and Migrati ons, c. 1821–1839 (diss. , Los Angeles, UCLA, 1975) R. Rasmussen and S. Rubert: Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe (diss. , Lan Hamm, MD,2001, 3ed. ) 10 Key Words Beadwork Paintings Varity of colors Earth Tone Kwa- Ndebele Geometric Ndebele dolls Symmetry Rituals/Ceremonies Ornaments